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Friday, November 22, 2024

A new approach, not currently described by the Clean Air Act, could eliminate air pollution disparities

While air quality has improved dramatically over the past 50 years thanks in part to the Clean Air Act, people of color at every income level in the United States are still exposed to higher-than-average levels of air pollution.

A team led by researchers at the University of Washington wanted to  know if the Clean Air Act is capable of reducing these disparities or if  a new approach would be needed. The team compared two approaches that  mirror main aspects of the Clean Air Act and a third approach that is  not commonly used to see if it would be better at addressing disparities  across the contiguous U.S. The researchers used national emissions data  to model each strategy: targeting specific emissions sources across the  U.S., requiring regions to adhere to specific concentration standards  or reducing emissions in specific communities.

While the first two approaches — based on the Clean Air Act — didn’t  get rid of disparities, the community-specific approach eliminated  pollution disparities and reduced pollution exposure overall.

The team published these findings Oct. 24 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“In earlier research, we wanted to know which pollution sources were  responsible for these disparities, but we found that nearly all sources  lead to unequal exposures. So we thought, what’s it going to take? Here,  we tried three approaches to see which would be the best for addressing  these disparities,” said senior author Julian Marshall,  a UW professor of civil and environmental engineering. “The two  approaches that mirror aspects of the Clean Air Act were pretty weak at  addressing disparities. The third approach, targeting emissions in  specific locations, is not commonly done, but is something overburdened  communities have been asking for for years.”

Fine particulate matter pollution, or PM2.5, is less than 2.5  micrometers in diameter — about 3% of the diameter of a human hair.  PM2.5 comes from vehicle exhaust; fertilizer and other agricultural  emissions; electricity generation from fossil fuels; forest fires; and  burning of fuels such as wood, oil, diesel, gasoline and coal. These  tiny particles can lead to heart attacks, strokes, lung cancer and other  diseases, and are estimated to be responsible for about 90,000 deaths each year in the U.S.

The researchers tested the three potential strategies using a tool called InMAP,  which Marshall and other co-authors developed. InMAP models the  chemistry and physics of PM2.5, including how it is formed in the  atmosphere, how it dissipates and how wind patterns move it from one  location to another. The team modeled these approaches with national emissions data from 2014 because it was the most recent data set available at the time of this study.

The researchers looked at how efficiently and effectively each  approach reduced average pollution exposure for all people and how well  it eliminated the disparities for people of color.

While the emission source and concentration standards approaches were  successful in reducing overall exposure across the country, these  methods failed to address pollution disparities.

“Our optimization models what happens if we maximize the reductions  in disparities. If an approach cannot address disparities even when  optimized to do so, then any real-world implementation of the approach  will also not address disparities,” said lead author Yuzhou Wang,  a doctoral student in civil and environmental engineering. “But we saw  that even with less than 1% of emission reductions targeting specific  locations, the pollution disparities that have persisted for decades  were reduced to zero.”

Implementing this location-specific approach would require additional  work to identify which locations would be the best to target and  working with the communities there to identify how to reduce emissions,  the team said.

“Current regulations have improved average air pollution levels, but  they have not addressed structural inequalities and often have ignored  the voices and lived experiences of people in overburdened communities,  including their requests to focus greater attention on sources impacting  their communities,” Marshall said. “These findings reflect historical  experiences. Because of redlining and other racist urban planning from  many decades ago, many pollution sources are more likely to be located  in Black and brown communities. If we wish to address current  inequalities, we need an approach that reflects and acknowledges this  historical context.”

Additional co-authors are Joshua Apte and Cesunica Ivey, both at the University of California, Berkeley; Jason Hill at the University of Minnesota; Regan Patterson at the University of California, Los Angeles; Allen Robinson at Carnegie Mellon University; and Christopher Tessum at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. This research was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

For more information, contact Marshall at jdmarsh@uw.edu, Wang at ywang02@uw.edu, Ivey at iveyc@berkeley.edu and Patterson at reganfp@ucla.edu. Note Marshall is currently in Spain and is nine hours ahead of Pacific Time. The other co-authors are all on Pacific Time.

The authors suggest that reporters reach out to environmental justice  organizations and frontline communities as a way to include in stories  the voices of people most impacted by air pollution. Possible additional  contacts could include members of the White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council and the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council.

Original source can be found here.

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